System and process management

Session

Exit the current terminal session

exit

Shutdown or restart the system

shutdown
reboot

Processes

Kill process you own or created

killall <process-name>

Search for named running process and return process id (-l to include process name)

pgrep -l <process-name>

Kill named process (-l for long output, -f to match against full arguments)

pkill -l <process-name>

Search for process details

ps aux | grep <process-name>

Kill a running process (by id)

kill <process-id>
sudo kill <process-id>

Hangup process

kill -1 <process-id>

Kill process (using force kill signal -9)

kill -9 <process-id>

Open File Processes

List open process IDs for file

fuser <file>

List open files for all processes

lsof

List open files for a user

lsof -u <username>

List processes for a specific file or volume

lsof <file>
lsof <volume>

List open files for internet address processes

lsof -i

Filter internet address listing by port

lsof -i :<port>

Identify processes using a volume (eg. when unable to unmount external drive)

lsof /Volumes/<volume-name>
sudo lsof /Volumes/<volume-name>

Kill process using a volume

kill <process-id>

Terminal

Change Unix shell (enter path to new shell when prompted)

chsh

Output default shell

echo $SHELL

Maintenance

Update package list

sudo apt-get update

Upgrade outdated packages

sudo apt-get upgrade